Sleep hygiene Analysis 3/16/2021

library(ggplot2)
library(dplyr)

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library(tidyverse)

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library(arsenal)
library(data.table)

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library(expss)

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library(ggsci)

#ideas, stratify by what do you consider a good nights sleep
#additive index according to behaviors 
#regression models for the outcome.

#Positive quality of sleep - 
#Consistent wake up 
#Greater than 7 hrs to 9 hrs --> stratify #for sure USE THIS AND ONE OR THE OTHER
  #Agreement questions Q44
  #Current bedtime routines
  #Current lifestyle habits
  #Employment and children

analysisdata <- readRDS("foranalysis.rds")

#Binary variable for seven or nine weighted as 1
analysisdata <- analysisdata %>% mutate(
  sevenornine = case_when(
    Q10_workdayhoursofsleep >= 7.0 & Q10_workdayhoursofsleep <= 9.0 ~ 1,
    Q10_workdayhoursofsleep < 7.0 | Q10_workdayhoursofsleep > 9.0 ~ 0,
    is.na(Q10_workdayhoursofsleep) ~ NA_real_
    ))


#analysisdata <- analysisdata %>% mutate(
#  sevenornine = case_when(
#    Q10_workdayhoursofsleep >= 7.0 & Q10_workdayhoursofsleep <= 9.0 ~ 2,
#    Q10_workdayhoursofsleep < 7.0 | Q10_workdayhoursofsleep > 9.0 ~ 0,
#    is.na(Q10_workdayhoursofsleep) ~ NA_real_
#    ))

#Binary variable for quality of sleep weighted as 1
analysisdata <- analysisdata %>% mutate(
  quality = case_when(
    Q44_6_ifeelpositiveaboutthequalityofmysleep == "Somewhat agree" ~ 1,
    Q44_6_ifeelpositiveaboutthequalityofmysleep == "Strongly agree" ~ 1,
    is.na(Q44_6_ifeelpositiveaboutthequalityofmysleep) ~ NA_real_,
    TRUE ~ 0))

#Binary variable for consistency of wake up weighted as 1
analysisdata <- analysisdata %>% mutate(
  consistency = case_when(
    Q13_consistentwakeup == "Yes" ~ 1,
    is.na(Q13_consistentwakeup) ~ NA_real_,
    TRUE ~ 0))

#Compositescore computation
analysisdata <- analysisdata %>% mutate(
  compositescore = sevenornine + quality + consistency
  )

#analysisdata <- analysisdata %>% mutate(compositeoutcomegoodsleep = factor(compositescore, label = c("score 0 - worst sleep", "score 1", "score 2", "score 3 - best sleep"))) %>%
#  filter(!is.na(compositescore))

#analysisdata <- analysisdata %>% mutate(compositeoutcomegoodsleep = factor(compositescore, label = c("score 0 - worst sleep", "score 1", "score 2", "score 3", "score 4 - best sleep"))) %>%
#  filter(!is.na(compositescore))


 analysisdata <- analysisdata %>% mutate(compositeoutcomegoodsleep = case_when(
   compositescore >= 2 ~ 1,
   compositescore < 2 ~ 0,
   is.na(compositescore) ~ NA_real_)) %>% 
   mutate(compositeoutcomegoodsleep = factor(compositeoutcomegoodsleep, label = c("Poor sleep (score less than 2)", "Good sleep (score 2 or more)"))) %>%  filter(!is.na(compositescore))

#Logistic regression just input demographic variables, then add pyschosocial variables and see how that affects model statistics. Sequential adjustment.

#Cut it in different places. 
#Split between 2 and 3 , and 3 and 4 

#Cumulative score how many ones do you get 
#hours of sleep (7-9) vs. outside of (7-9) --> either interim category 
#quality of sleep (1) sometimes or (0)
#consistent wakeup (1) sometimes/no (0)

tab1 <- tableby(compositeoutcomegoodsleep~ Q3_role + 
                  Q4_gender +
                  Q5_age +
                  Q6_numberinhousehold +
                  Q37_employed +
                  Q8_diagnosis +
                  Q10_workdayhoursofsleep +
                  Q11_weekendhoursofsleep +
                  Q9_howoftensleepy,
                data=analysisdata, test=TRUE, total=TRUE, 
                numeric.stats=c("medianq1q3"), numeric.test="kwt", cat.test="chisq")
summary(tab1, title='Table 1. Baseline information', pfootnote=TRUE, digits = 2)

Table 1. Baseline information
	Poor sleep (score less than 2) (N=91)	Good sleep (score 2 or more) (N=107)	Total (N=198)	p value
What is your role at Bloomberg				0.804¹
Faculty/Staff Member	3 (3.3%)	2 (1.9%)	5 (2.5%)
Full-time student	63 (69.2%)	74 (69.2%)	137 (69.2%)
Part-time student	25 (27.5%)	31 (29.0%)	56 (28.3%)
What gender do you identify as?				0.033¹
Female	66 (72.5%)	92 (86.0%)	158 (79.8%)
Male	20 (22.0%)	15 (14.0%)	35 (17.7%)
Non-binary / third gender	4 (4.4%)	0 (0.0%)	4 (2.0%)
Prefer not to say	1 (1.1%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)
How old are you?				0.983²
Median (Q1, Q3)	28.00 (25.00, 33.00)	28.00 (25.00, 31.50)	28.00 (25.00, 32.00)
How many people live in your household, including yourself?				0.068²
Median (Q1, Q3)	2.00 (2.00, 3.00)	2.00 (2.00, 3.00)	2.00 (2.00, 3.00)
Are you currently employed outside of your education program?				0.196¹
N-Miss	1	0	1
No	47 (52.2%)	46 (43.0%)	93 (47.2%)
Yes	43 (47.8%)	61 (57.0%)	104 (52.8%)
Have you ever been diagnosed with any of the following sleep disorders?				0.803¹
Insomnia	7 (7.7%)	5 (4.7%)	12 (6.1%)
No	81 (89.0%)	98 (91.6%)	179 (90.4%)
Other	1 (1.1%)	2 (1.9%)	3 (1.5%)
Sleep Apnea	2 (2.2%)	2 (1.9%)	4 (2.0%)
During the past 5 workdays, how many hours of sleep did you get per night on average?				< 0.001²
Median (Q1, Q3)	6.00 (5.00, 7.00)	7.00 (7.00, 8.00)	7.00 (6.00, 7.50)
During the past weekend, how many hours of sleep did you get per night on average?				0.008²
Median (Q1, Q3)	7.50 (7.00, 9.00)	8.00 (7.50, 9.00)	8.00 (7.00, 9.00)
How often do you feel sleepy during the day?
N-Miss	43	21	64
Never	0 (0.0%)	2 (2.3%)	2 (1.5%)
Rarely	7 (14.6%)	18 (20.9%)	25 (18.7%)
Sometimes	33 (68.8%)	63 (73.3%)	96 (71.6%)
Very often	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Always	8 (16.7%)	3 (3.5%)	11 (8.2%)

Pearson’s Chi-squared test
Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test

#If student
student <- analysisdata %>% filter(Q3_role != "Faculty/Staff Member")

tab1 <- tableby(compositeoutcomegoodsleep~ Q2_program,
                data=student, test=TRUE, total=TRUE, 
                numeric.stats=c("medianq1q3"), numeric.test="kwt", cat.test="chisq")
summary(tab1, title='Table 1. Baseline information', pfootnote=TRUE, digits = 2)

Table 1. Baseline information
	Poor sleep (score less than 2) (N=88)	Good sleep (score 2 or more) (N=105)	Total (N=193)	p value
What is your current program at Bloomberg?				0.096¹
Doctoral Student	18 (20.5%)	34 (32.4%)	52 (26.9%)
Masters Student	66 (75.0%)	69 (65.7%)	135 (69.9%)
Other	0 (0.0%)	1 (1.0%)	1 (0.5%)
Post doctoral student	4 (4.5%)	1 (1.0%)	5 (2.6%)

Pearson’s Chi-squared test

#If employed 
employed <- analysisdata %>% filter(Q37_employed == "Yes")

tab1 <- tableby(compositeoutcomegoodsleep ~ Q38_wfh,
                data=employed, test=TRUE, total=TRUE, 
                numeric.stats=c("medianq1q3"), numeric.test="kwt", cat.test="chisq")
summary(tab1, title='Table 1. Baseline information', pfootnote=TRUE, digits = 2)

Table 1. Baseline information
	Poor sleep (score less than 2) (N=43)	Good sleep (score 2 or more) (N=61)	Total (N=104)	p value
Do you work from home?				0.483¹
No	14 (32.6%)	16 (26.2%)	30 (28.8%)
Yes	29 (67.4%)	45 (73.8%)	74 (71.2%)

Pearson’s Chi-squared test

#If wfh
notworkfromhome <- analysisdata %>% filter(Q37_employed == "Yes" & Q38_wfh == "No")

tab1 <- tableby(compositeoutcomegoodsleep ~ Q39_dayornight,
                data=notworkfromhome, test=TRUE, total=TRUE, 
                numeric.stats=c("medianq1q3"), numeric.test="kwt", cat.test="chisq")
summary(tab1, title='Table 1. Baseline information', pfootnote=TRUE, digits = 2)

Table 1. Baseline information
	Poor sleep (score less than 2) (N=14)	Good sleep (score 2 or more) (N=16)	Total (N=30)	p value
Do you work day or night shifts?				0.501¹
N-Miss	0	1	1
Day shift	12 (85.7%)	14 (93.3%)	26 (89.7%)
Night shift	2 (14.3%)	1 (6.7%)	3 (10.3%)

Pearson’s Chi-squared test

tab1 <- tableby(compositeoutcomegoodsleep~  
                  Q15_consistentbedtimeonweekdays +
                  Q49_sleepqualitychangecovid +
                  bedtimeroutine +
                  Q19_howmanyhourssdidyouuseascreen +
                  as.numeric(Q19_howmanyhourssdidyouuseascreen) +
                  Q12_1_howmanynightsusescreen +
                  Q17_stressedaboutschool +
                  cantsleepfeeling +
                  Q18_howoftenpracticemindfullness +
                  behaviors +
                  Q44_1_thingsidointhelasthourbeforesleepaffectthequalityofmysleep +
                  Q44_2_gettingagoodnightssleepisimportantome +
                  Q44_3_mostofmyfriendshaveahealthysleeproutine +
                  Q44_4_lackofsleepaffectsmyacademicperformance +
                  Q44_5_havingaregularsleeproutineimprovesmentalclariy +
                  Q44_7_ithinkcuttingoutscreenuseonehourbeforesleepleadstobettersleep +
                  Q44_8_ithinkingworkingoutregularlyleadstobettersleep +
                  Q44_9_ithinkmeditatingbeforesleephelpsquality +
                  Q59_1_icanmaintainhealthysleephabits +
                  Q59_2_icancutoutscreenuseonehourbeforesleep +
                  Q59_3_icanworkoutregularly +
                  Q59_4_icanmediatebeforebed +
                  Q37_whatdoyouconsideragoodnightssleep +
                  Q50_1_energyfordailyacitivites +
                  Q50_2_attractivness +
                  Q50_3_productivity +
                  Q50_4_accomplishmentofotherdailygoals +
                  Q50_5_mentalandemotionalwellbeing +
                  Q50_6_fosteringmaintaingrelationships +
                  Q50_7_caringforchildren +
                  Q53_1_getoutsidefor10mininthemorning +
                  Q53_2_exerciseduringtheday +
                  Q53_3_doingabreathingexercisebeforesleep +
                  Q53_4_notusescreens +
                  Q53_5_listeningtoacalmingaudiobookorpodcast +
                  information,
                data=analysisdata, test=TRUE, total=TRUE, 
                numeric.stats=c("medianq1q3"), numeric.test="kwt", cat.test="chisq")
summary(tab1, title='Table 2. Sleep questions', pfootnote=TRUE, digits = 2)

Table 2. Sleep questions
	Poor sleep (score less than 2) (N=91)	Good sleep (score 2 or more) (N=107)	Total (N=198)	p value
Do you have a consistent time you wake up on weekdays?				< 0.001¹
No	62 (68.1%)	23 (21.5%)	85 (42.9%)
Sometimes	16 (17.6%)	31 (29.0%)	47 (23.7%)
Yes	13 (14.3%)	53 (49.5%)	66 (33.3%)
Has your sleep quality changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic?				< 0.001¹
N-Miss	1	1	2
No	26 (28.9%)	44 (41.5%)	70 (35.7%)
Yes, I feel my sleep quality has improved	4 (4.4%)	22 (20.8%)	26 (13.3%)
Yes, I feel my sleep quality has worsened	60 (66.7%)	40 (37.7%)	100 (51.0%)
My bedtime routine includes:				0.638¹
N-Miss	1	0	1
Brushing teeth	30 (33.3%)	33 (30.8%)	63 (32.0%)
Phone usage	5 (5.6%)	4 (3.7%)	9 (4.6%)
Reading	4 (4.4%)	1 (0.9%)	5 (2.5%)
Showering	1 (1.1%)	1 (0.9%)	2 (1.0%)
Washing my face	49 (54.4%)	67 (62.6%)	116 (58.9%)
Watching TV	1 (1.1%)	1 (0.9%)	2 (1.0%)
How many hours per day do you typically use a screen? (i.e. cell phone, tablet, computer, television)
N-Miss	2	1	3
0	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
1	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
2	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
3	1 (1.1%)	2 (1.9%)	3 (1.5%)
4	2 (2.2%)	3 (2.8%)	5 (2.6%)
5	3 (3.4%)	2 (1.9%)	5 (2.6%)
6	4 (4.5%)	5 (4.7%)	9 (4.6%)
7	3 (3.4%)	2 (1.9%)	5 (2.6%)
8	15 (16.9%)	11 (10.4%)	26 (13.3%)
9	3 (3.4%)	7 (6.6%)	10 (5.1%)
10	22 (24.7%)	33 (31.1%)	55 (28.2%)
11	2 (2.2%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (1.0%)
12	20 (22.5%)	29 (27.4%)	49 (25.1%)
13	2 (2.2%)	2 (1.9%)	4 (2.1%)
14	7 (7.9%)	6 (5.7%)	13 (6.7%)
15	4 (4.5%)	1 (0.9%)	5 (2.6%)
16	1 (1.1%)	2 (1.9%)	3 (1.5%)
17	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.9%)	1 (0.5%)
How many hours per day do you typically use a screen? (i.e. cell phone, tablet, computer, television)				0.892²
Median (Q1, Q3)	11.00 (9.00, 13.00)	11.00 (10.00, 13.00)	11.00 (9.00, 13.00)
In the past week, how many nights did you use screens (i.e. cell phone, tablet, computer, television) within 1 hour before bed?				0.337²
Median (Q1, Q3)	7.00 (7.00, 7.00)	7.00 (6.00, 7.00)	7.00 (7.00, 7.00)
How stressed do you currently feel about school?				0.182²
Median (Q1, Q3)	7.00 (6.00, 8.00)	7.00 (5.00, 8.00)	7.00 (5.75, 8.00)
When you can’t sleep do you feel				0.030¹
Angry	3 (3.3%)	8 (7.5%)	11 (5.6%)
Frustrated	41 (45.1%)	59 (55.1%)	100 (50.5%)
Guilty	23 (25.3%)	11 (10.3%)	34 (17.2%)
None of the above	6 (6.6%)	7 (6.5%)	13 (6.6%)
Other	5 (5.5%)	5 (4.7%)	10 (5.1%)
Sad	5 (5.5%)	1 (0.9%)	6 (3.0%)
Stressed	8 (8.8%)	16 (15.0%)	24 (12.1%)
How often do you practice mindfulness techniques? (i.e. breathing exercises, meditation, etc.,)
N-Miss	8	10	18
Never	12 (14.5%)	21 (21.6%)	33 (18.3%)
Rarely	39 (47.0%)	34 (35.1%)	73 (40.6%)
Sometimes	31 (37.3%)	39 (40.2%)	70 (38.9%)
Very often	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Always	1 (1.2%)	3 (3.1%)	4 (2.2%)
Which of the following behaviors do you participate in?				0.084¹
N-Miss	1	1	2
Alcohol Consumption	36 (40.0%)	59 (55.7%)	95 (48.5%)
Cigarette smoking	3 (3.3%)	1 (0.9%)	4 (2.0%)
Daytime napping	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.9%)	1 (0.5%)
Drinking Caffeinated beverages	2 (2.2%)	2 (1.9%)	4 (2.0%)
Exercise	32 (35.6%)	35 (33.0%)	67 (34.2%)
Social Media Use	17 (18.9%)	8 (7.5%)	25 (12.8%)
The things I do in the last hour before bed affect the quality of my sleep.				0.900¹
Strongly disagree	3 (3.3%)	3 (2.8%)	6 (3.0%)
Somewhat disagree	5 (5.5%)	8 (7.5%)	13 (6.6%)
Neither agree nor disagree	10 (11.0%)	8 (7.5%)	18 (9.1%)
Somewhat agree	42 (46.2%)	52 (48.6%)	94 (47.5%)
Strongly agree	31 (34.1%)	36 (33.6%)	67 (33.8%)
Getting a good night’s sleep is important to me.				0.023¹
Strongly disagree	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.9%)	1 (0.5%)
Somewhat disagree	1 (1.1%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)
Neither agree nor disagree	3 (3.3%)	1 (0.9%)	4 (2.0%)
Somewhat agree	19 (20.9%)	8 (7.5%)	27 (13.6%)
Strongly agree	68 (74.7%)	97 (90.7%)	165 (83.3%)
Most of my friends have a healthy sleep routine.				0.168¹
N-Miss	1	0	1
Strongly disagree	6 (6.7%)	3 (2.8%)	9 (4.6%)
Somewhat disagree	21 (23.3%)	19 (17.8%)	40 (20.3%)
Neither agree nor disagree	35 (38.9%)	60 (56.1%)	95 (48.2%)
Somewhat agree	22 (24.4%)	20 (18.7%)	42 (21.3%)
Strongly agree	6 (6.7%)	5 (4.7%)	11 (5.6%)
Lack of sleep affects my academic performance.				0.894¹
N-Miss	1	0	1
Strongly disagree	1 (1.1%)	2 (1.9%)	3 (1.5%)
Somewhat disagree	4 (4.4%)	7 (6.5%)	11 (5.6%)
Neither agree nor disagree	7 (7.8%)	7 (6.5%)	14 (7.1%)
Somewhat agree	39 (43.3%)	41 (38.3%)	80 (40.6%)
Strongly agree	39 (43.3%)	50 (46.7%)	89 (45.2%)
Having a regular sleep routine improves mental clarity/sharpness.
Strongly disagree	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Somewhat disagree	1 (1.1%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)
Neither agree nor disagree	5 (5.5%)	5 (4.7%)	10 (5.1%)
Somewhat agree	21 (23.1%)	29 (27.1%)	50 (25.3%)
Strongly agree	64 (70.3%)	73 (68.2%)	137 (69.2%)
I think cutting out screen use 1 hour before bed leads to better sleep.				0.922¹
Strongly disagree	4 (4.4%)	3 (2.8%)	7 (3.5%)
Somewhat disagree	2 (2.2%)	4 (3.7%)	6 (3.0%)
Neither agree nor disagree	19 (20.9%)	20 (18.7%)	39 (19.7%)
Somewhat agree	37 (40.7%)	46 (43.0%)	83 (41.9%)
Strongly agree	29 (31.9%)	34 (31.8%)	63 (31.8%)
I think working out regularly leads to better sleep.
Strongly disagree	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)
Somewhat disagree	2 (2.2%)	1 (0.9%)	3 (1.5%)
Neither agree nor disagree	8 (8.8%)	9 (8.4%)	17 (8.6%)
Somewhat agree	29 (31.9%)	28 (26.2%)	57 (28.8%)
Strongly agree	52 (57.1%)	69 (64.5%)	121 (61.1%)
I think meditating before bed helps sleep quality.				0.894¹
N-Miss	0	1	1
Strongly disagree	4 (4.4%)	2 (1.9%)	6 (3.0%)
Somewhat disagree	5 (5.5%)	6 (5.7%)	11 (5.6%)
Neither agree nor disagree	30 (33.0%)	36 (34.0%)	66 (33.5%)
Somewhat agree	29 (31.9%)	36 (34.0%)	65 (33.0%)
Strongly agree	23 (25.3%)	26 (24.5%)	49 (24.9%)
I can maintain healthy sleep habits.				< 0.001¹
N-Miss	1	0	1
Not at all confident	12 (13.3%)	2 (1.9%)	14 (7.1%)
Slightly confident	22 (24.4%)	6 (5.6%)	28 (14.2%)
Somewhat confident	35 (38.9%)	30 (28.0%)	65 (33.0%)
Pretty confident	20 (22.2%)	49 (45.8%)	69 (35.0%)
Extremely confident	1 (1.1%)	20 (18.7%)	21 (10.7%)
I can cut out screen use 1 hour before bed.				0.044¹
N-Miss	1	0	1
Not at all confident	19 (21.1%)	25 (23.4%)	44 (22.3%)
Slightly confident	38 (42.2%)	24 (22.4%)	62 (31.5%)
Somewhat confident	18 (20.0%)	32 (29.9%)	50 (25.4%)
Pretty confident	9 (10.0%)	18 (16.8%)	27 (13.7%)
Extremely confident	6 (6.7%)	8 (7.5%)	14 (7.1%)
I can work out regularly.				0.028¹
N-Miss	2	0	2
Not at all confident	12 (13.5%)	3 (2.8%)	15 (7.7%)
Slightly confident	17 (19.1%)	20 (18.7%)	37 (18.9%)
Somewhat confident	15 (16.9%)	23 (21.5%)	38 (19.4%)
Pretty confident	25 (28.1%)	24 (22.4%)	49 (25.0%)
Extremely confident	20 (22.5%)	37 (34.6%)	57 (29.1%)
I can meditate before bed.				0.569¹
N-Miss	1	0	1
Not at all confident	18 (20.0%)	26 (24.3%)	44 (22.3%)
Slightly confident	27 (30.0%)	24 (22.4%)	51 (25.9%)
Somewhat confident	26 (28.9%)	28 (26.2%)	54 (27.4%)
Pretty confident	11 (12.2%)	20 (18.7%)	31 (15.7%)
Extremely confident	8 (8.9%)	9 (8.4%)	17 (8.6%)
What do you consider a good night’s sleep?				0.286¹
10+ hours	1 (1.1%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)
7 hours	16 (17.6%)	11 (10.3%)	27 (13.6%)
8 hours	58 (63.7%)	79 (73.8%)	137 (69.2%)
9 hours	15 (16.5%)	17 (15.9%)	32 (16.2%)
Less than or equal to 6 hours	1 (1.1%)	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.5%)
Energy for daily activities				0.245²
Median (Q1, Q3)	5.00 (4.00, 5.00)	5.00 (4.00, 5.00)	5.00 (4.00, 5.00)
Attractiveness (to self & others)				0.256²
Median (Q1, Q3)	3.00 (2.25, 4.00)	3.00 (2.00, 4.00)	3.00 (2.00, 4.00)
Productivity at work/school				0.978²
Median (Q1, Q3)	5.00 (4.00, 5.00)	5.00 (4.00, 5.00)	5.00 (4.00, 5.00)
Accomplishment of other daily goals (e.g. exercise, cooking, paying bills, etc)				0.693²
Median (Q1, Q3)	5.00 (4.00, 5.00)	4.00 (4.00, 5.00)	5.00 (4.00, 5.00)
Mental and emotional wellbeing				0.503²
Median (Q1, Q3)	5.00 (4.00, 5.00)	5.00 (4.00, 5.00)	5.00 (4.00, 5.00)
Fostering/maintaining relationships				0.784²
Median (Q1, Q3)	4.00 (3.00, 5.00)	4.00 (3.00, 5.00)	4.00 (3.00, 5.00)
Caring for children				0.916²
Median (Q1, Q3)	1.00 (1.00, 3.00)	1.00 (1.00, 4.00)	1.00 (1.00, 3.00)
Get outside for 10 minutes in the morning.				0.799²
Median (Q1, Q3)	4.00 (2.00, 5.00)	4.00 (2.00, 5.00)	4.00 (2.00, 5.00)
Exercise during the day.				0.051²
Median (Q1, Q3)	4.00 (3.00, 5.00)	4.00 (3.00, 5.00)	4.00 (3.00, 5.00)
Do a breathing exercise before you sleep.				0.469²
Median (Q1, Q3)	3.00 (2.00, 4.00)	3.00 (2.00, 4.00)	3.00 (2.00, 4.00)
Not use screens (i.e. cell phone, tablet, computer, television) for 1 hour before bed				0.076²
Median (Q1, Q3)	2.00 (1.00, 3.00)	3.00 (2.00, 3.00)	2.00 (2.00, 3.00)
Listen to a calming audiobook or podcast before bed				0.855²
Median (Q1, Q3)	3.00 (2.00, 4.00)	3.00 (2.00, 4.00)	3.00 (2.00, 4.00)
Where have you seen or received information about sleep quality or sleep hygiene?				0.041¹
N-Miss	7	8	15
Friends	1 (1.2%)	7 (7.1%)	8 (4.4%)
Health care professional	37 (44.0%)	33 (33.3%)	70 (38.3%)
News sources	4 (4.8%)	8 (8.1%)	12 (6.6%)
Other online source	12 (14.3%)	12 (12.1%)	24 (13.1%)
Social media	20 (23.8%)	35 (35.4%)	55 (30.1%)
University wellbeing resources	10 (11.9%)	4 (4.0%)	14 (7.7%)

Pearson’s Chi-squared test
Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test

Fig 1

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q3_role, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=32)) +
  labs(title = "Role") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 2

g<- ggplot(student) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q2_program, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=32)) +
  labs(title = "What is your current program at Bloomberg?") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 3

g<- ggplot(student) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q4_gender, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=32)) +
  labs(title = "What gender do you identify as?") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 4

g<- ggplot(student) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q37_employed, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=32)) +
  labs(title = "Are you currently employed outside of your education program?") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 5

g<- ggplot(employed) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q38_wfh, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=32)) +
  labs(title = "Do you work from home?") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 6

g<- ggplot(notworkfromhome) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q39_dayornight, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=32)) +
  labs(title = "Do you work day or night shifts?") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 7

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q7_children, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=15)) +
  labs(title = "Are there children living in your household?") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 8

g<-ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q8_diagnosis, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=20), axis.text.x = element_text(size=32)) +
  labs(title = "Have you ever been diagnosed with any of the following sleep disorders?") +
  xlab("") + 
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 9

g<-ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q9_howoftensleepy, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=32)) +
  labs(title = "How often do you feel sleepy during the day?") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 10

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q13_consistentwakeup, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=32)) +
  labs(title = "Do you have a consistent time you wake up on weekdays?") +
  xlab("") + 
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 11

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q15_consistentbedtimeonweekdays, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Do you have a consistent bedtime on weekdays?") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 12

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q49_sleepqualitychangecovid, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Has your sleep quality changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic?") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 13

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=bedtimeroutine, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "My bedtime routine includes") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 14

g<-ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q17_stressedaboutschool, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "How stressed do you currently feel about school?") +
  xlab("") + 
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (stat_count).

Fig 15

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=cantsleepfeeling, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "When you can't sleep do you feel") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 16

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q18_howoftenpracticemindfullness, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "How often do you practice mindfulness techniques? (i.e. breathing exercises, meditation, etc.,") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 17

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=behaviors, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Which of the following behaviors do you participate in? Check all that apply. ") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 18

g<-ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q44_1_thingsidointhelasthourbeforesleepaffectthequalityofmysleep, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "The things I do in the last hour before bed affect the quality of my sleep.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q44_2_gettingagoodnightssleepisimportantome, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Getting a good night's sleep is important to me.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q44_3_mostofmyfriendshaveahealthysleeproutine, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Most of my friends have a healthy sleep routine.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q44_4_lackofsleepaffectsmyacademicperformance, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Lack of sleep affects my academic performance.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q44_5_havingaregularsleeproutineimprovesmentalclariy, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Having a regular sleep routine improves mental clarity/sharpness.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 
g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q44_6_ifeelpositiveaboutthequalityofmysleep, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "I feel positive about the quality of my sleep.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q44_7_ithinkcuttingoutscreenuseonehourbeforesleepleadstobettersleep, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "I think cutting out screen use 1 hour before bed leads to better sleep.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g<-ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q44_8_ithinkingworkingoutregularlyleadstobettersleep, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "I think working out regularly leads to better sleep.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 
g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q44_9_ithinkmeditatingbeforesleephelpsquality, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "I think meditating before bed helps sleep quality.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 19

g <- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q59_1_icanmaintainhealthysleephabits, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "I can maintain healthy sleep habits.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q59_2_icancutoutscreenuseonehourbeforesleep, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "I can cut out screen use 1 hour before bed.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 
g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g <- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q59_3_icanworkoutregularly, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "I can work out regularly.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q59_4_icanmediatebeforebed, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "I can meditate before bed.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 20

g <- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q50_1_energyfordailyacitivites, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Energy for daily activities") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_count).

g <- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q50_2_attractivness, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Attractiveness (to self & others)") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_count).

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q50_3_productivity, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Productivity at work/school") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_count).

g <- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q50_4_accomplishmentofotherdailygoals, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Accomplishment of other daily goals (e.g. exercise, cooking, paying bills, etc)") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_count).

g<- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q50_5_mentalandemotionalwellbeing, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Mental and emotional wellbeing") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (stat_count).

g <- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q50_6_fosteringmaintaingrelationships, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Fostering/maintaining relationships") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing non-finite values (stat_count).

g <- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q50_7_caringforchildren, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "Caring for children") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

## Warning: Removed 8 rows containing non-finite values (stat_count).

Fig 21

g <- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q59_1_icanmaintainhealthysleephabits, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "I can maintain healthy sleep habits.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g <- ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q59_2_icancutoutscreenuseonehourbeforesleep, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "I can cut out screen use 1 hour before bed.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='')  

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

g<-ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q59_3_icanworkoutregularly, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "I can work out regularly.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g + scale_fill_lancet()

g <-ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=Q59_4_icanmediatebeforebed, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  #coord_flip() +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=32), axis.text.x = element_text(size=18)) +
  labs(title = "I can meditate before bed.") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()

Fig 22

g<-ggplot(analysisdata) + 
  geom_bar(aes(x=information, fill=compositeoutcomegoodsleep)) +
  theme_test() +
  theme(text = element_text(size=20), axis.text.x = element_text(size=16)) +
  labs(title = "Where have you seen or received information about sleep quality or sleep hygiene? Check all that apply. ") +
  xlab("") +
  labs(fill='') 

g+ scale_fill_lancet()